EG 1993 Conference Proceedings
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Item Updating Polygonizations*(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Abellanas, M.; Garcia, J.; Hernbandez, G.; Hurtado, F.; Serra, O.; Urrutia, J.In this paper we consider polygonizations that are robust when faced with changes in the vertices that are present or in their position. We analyze the dynamic maintenance of different types of polygonizations (monotone, star-shaped.) and we introduce monotone half-convex polygonizations that are specially interesting because they provide minimum cost per insertion or deletion. If we had to delete not only one point but several external layers of the set, then the onion polygonizations would be suited, because they can be updated in constant time. We also consider the case of points that can be moved to contiguous positions and we show how to polygonize the set for updating in linear time. We deal too with security problems for a polygon: What is the maximum distance the vertices of a polygon could be moved away of their position in such a way that the topology on the boundary of the polygon (or its convexity) remains the same?.Item Interactive Neural Network Texture Analysis and Visualization for Surface Reconstruction in Medical Imaging(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Busch, C.; Gro?, M.H.The following paper describes a new approach for the automatic segmentation and tissue classification of anatomical objects such as brain tumors from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data sets using artificial neural networks. These segmentations serve as an input for 3D-reconstruction algorithms. Since MR images require a careful interpretation of the underlying physics and parameters, we first give the reader a tutorial style introduction to the physical basics of MR technology. Secondly, we describe our approach that is based on a two-pass method including non-supervised cluster analysis, dimensionality reduction and visualization of the texture features by means of nonlinear topographic mappings. An additional classification of the MR data set can be obtained using a post-processing technique to approximate the Bayes decision boundaries. Interactions between the user and the network allow an optimization of the results. For fast 3D-reconstructions, we use a modified marching cubes algorithm but our scheme can easily serve as a preprocessor for any kind of volume renderer.The applications we present in our paper aim at the automatic extraction and fast reconstruction of brain tumors for surgery and therapy planning. We use the neural networks on pathological data sets and show how the method generalizes to physically comparable data sets.Item An Object Model for Multimedia Programming(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Arbab, F.; Herman, I.; Reynolds, G.J.The development of multimedia applications is a complex task. Much of this complexity stems from requirements associated with programming multiple media objects and the control of dependences and inter-relationships between these media objects and the user(s). It is clearly necessary to have a basic framework on which to build multimedia applications in the face of such complexities. Such a conceptual model is what we have called an object model and it is the main subject of this paper. The MADE object model represents a novel approach to multimedia application programming that is founded on the two principal concepts of active objects and delegation. Although these concepts are not novel in themselves, we believe that their combined use in a multimedia development environment represents a substantial enhancement to more traditional approaches to programming in this area.Item An Integral Geometry Based Method for Fast Form-Factor Computation(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Sbert, MateuMonte Carlo techniques have been widely used in rendering algorithms for local integration. For example, to compute the contribution of a patch to the luminance of another. In the present paper we propose an algorithm based on Integral geometry where Monte Carlo is applied globally. We give some results of the implementation to validate the proposition and we study the error of the technique, as well as its complexity.Item GKS-9x: Some Implementation Considerations(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Damnjanovic, L.B.; Duce, D.A.; Robinson, S.K.The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) was published as an ISO standard for computer graphics programming in August 1985. GKS is now undergoing revision in ISO/IEC and at the time of writing the text of the Draft International Standard of GKS-9x was being finalized. This paper presents a way in which a key part of the new functionality in GKS-9x, namely namesets and selection criteria, can be implemented effectively.Item A New Paradigm for Geometric Processing(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Yamaguchi, Fujio; Niizeki, MasatoshiA new paradigm for geometric processing is proposed. The paradigm can be featured by the four key phrases: (1) Totally Four Dimensional Homogeneous Processing, (2) 4 ? 4 Matrix Method and 4 ? 4 Determinant Method, (3) Integer Arithmetic with Adaptive Data-Length Control Technique, (4) Systematic Paradigm Structures Based on the Duality.Item Fast Spheres(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Patterson, John W.A new method for generating sphere-like images, using parabolic surfaces delimited by Bresenham s circle- generation algorithm, is presented. In many cases the resultant images are indistinguishable from spheres illuminated from a given single direction. The main form of the algorithm uses first and second integer differences to minimise computation and uses typically not more than one floating-point calculation per sphere. Two variants of the algorithm are given, one optimized for the special case of the light-source being behind the view-point, and one in which values are calculated for a z-buffer hidden-surface algorithm at the same time as the pixel values. The difference formulae can be exploited by differencing hardware or digital signal processors although very little arithmetic, typically five low-weight integer operations, including address calculation operations, is required per pixel on a conventional architecture.Item Quality Control of an Interpolation Method for Discontinuous Parametric Surfaces(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Seron, F.J.; Torrens, J.J; Magallon, J.A.In this paper we study a finite element interpolation method for fitting discontinuous parametric surfaces when the data points are the nodes of a curvilinear grid. Quality control of the interpolating surfaces is also considered, focussing on the display of isophotes and reflection lines using ray tracing techniques. Finally, graphical and numerical examples are given.Item Modeling of Skylight and Rendering of Outdoor Scenes(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Tadamura, Katsumi; Nakamae, Eihachiro; Kaneda, Kazufumi; Baba, Masashi; Yamashita, Hideo and Nishita, TomoyukiPhotorealistic animated images are extremely effective for pre-evaluating visual impact of city renewal and construction of tall buildings. In order to generate a photorealistic image not only the direct sunlight but also skylight must be considered.This paper proposes a method of high-fidelity image generation for photorealistic outdoor scenes based on the following ideas: * 1The intensity distribution of skylight taking account of scattering and absorption due to particles in the atmosphere which coincides with CIE standard skylight luminance functions is sought, and realistic images considering about spectrum distribution of skylight for any altitude of the sun can be easily and accurately displayed. * 2A rectangular parallelepiped with a specialized distribution of intensity simulating the skylight is introduced for efficient calculation of illumination due to skylight, and by employing a graphics hardware calculation of the skylight illuminance taking into account shadow effects is obtained with high efficiency- these techniques can be used to generate sequences of images, making animations possible at far lower calculation cost than previous methods.Item 3D Computational Morphology(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Veltkamp, Remco C.Computational Morphology is the analysis of form by computational means. This discipline typically uses techniques from Computational Geometry and Computer Aided Geometric Design. The present paper is more specifically about the construction and manipulation of closed object boundaries through a set of scattered points in 3D. Original results are developed in three stages of computational morphology: * impose a geometrical structure on the set of points- * construct a polyhedral boundary surface from this geometrical structure- * build a hierarchy of polyhedral approximations together with localization information-The economic advantage of this approach is that there is no dependency on any specific data source. It can be used for various types of data sources or when the source is unknown.Item Photo-Realistic Imaging of Digital Terrains(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Cohen, Daniel; Shaked, AmitWe present a method for the generation of photo-realistic images of views over terrain datasets by mapping a digital aerial photograph on a perspective projection of a digital elevation map. We use high resolution for both digital maps to increase the quality and the realism of the image at the cost of the overhead of processing very large data bases. In the core of this paper we present an accelerated ray casting technique based on a new algorithm of traversing a pyramidal data structure. Unlike other known traversal techniques, the cost of a single step of the algorithm consists of a few additions, shifts and comparisons only.Item Variational Surface Design and Surface Interrogation(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Hagen, H.; Hahmann, St.; Bonneau, G.-P.The generation of technical smooth surfaces from a mesh of three-dimensional data points is an important problem in geometric modelling. In this publication we give a survey of some new techniques based on a calculus of variation approach. Apart from the pure construction of these surfaces, the analysis of their quality is equally important in the design and manufacturing process. Generalized focal surfaces are presented here as a new surface interrogation tool.Item Extracting contour lines from a hierarchical surface model(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) De Floriani, Leila; Mirra, Daniela; Puppo, EnricoThe Hierarchical Triangulated Irregular Network (HTIN) is a structure for representing 2?-dimensional surfaces at different levels of detail through piecewise-linear approximations based on triangulations of the surface domain. In this paper, we present two algorithms that allow extracting a representation of the surface and contour lines at a given level of detail, directly from the HTIN.Item Landscapes Synthesis Achieved through Erosion and Deposition Process Simulation(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Roudier, P.; Peroche, B.; Perrin, M.This paper describes an original approach to terrain evolution in landscapes synthesis. In order to create some realistic landforms, we simulate geologically contrasted terrains and apply to them deterministic erosion processes. This allows us to relate the erosion on any point of the landsurface to local geological parameters. Any height field may be chosen as an initial topographic surface. Small perturbations may be introduced to avoid unpleasant regularities. A 3D model defines the geological parameters of each point according to its elevation. Our method is iterative: at each step, rock removal and possible alluvial deposition are computed at each point of the landsurface. The available erosion laws simulate mechanical erosion, chemical dissolution and alluvial deposition. At the end of each iteration, a new landsurface and the corresponding river network are created. Landsurfaces can be visualized at the final stage by two rendering algorithms including natural textures mapping. The stream network and the ridges may also be visualized.Item Storage Support for Multidimensional Discrete Data in Multimedia Databases(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Furtado, Paula; Teixeira, Jose CarlosMultidimensional discrete data (MDD) is enormously important for multimedia applications since diverse types of such data are used simultaneously by any multimedia application. However, multidimensional discrete data is not adequately supported by most existing database systems.In this paper we discuss the major management requirements imposed by such data on multimedia database management systems both at the conceptual level and at the internal level. At the internal level, the spatial structure of the data must also be preserved and special emphasis must be given to the efficient spatial access to subrectangles of very large data of arbitrary dimensionality.Our major contribution is the presentation of a Storage Manager for this kind of data which preserves the spatial nature of the data at the internal level of the database management system and provides efficient spatial access. This Storage Manager is based on an innovative combination of the subdivision of data in multidimensional tiles and of a spatial index to access those tiles. Furthermore, it supports advanced registration data.The lower level modules of the Storage Manager are responsible for the access to the data stored in secondary storage. The implementation of these modules can rely on any secondary storage access system to access data on disk. The Storage Manager was implemented using the functionality of a relational database system. The implementation of this relational Storage Manager is presented.Item A 4D Ray Tracing(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Maurel, Herve; Duthen, Yves; Caubet, ReneWe are going to present a survey of techniques using temporal coherence in between frames to render animation sequences with ray tracing. A new method using temporal coherence in the ray space (lightpath of rays) is proposed. The goal of this technique is to factorize intersection and illumination calculations over the frames of the sequence. An optical event springing out many times in the sequence is computed once. The method is based upon 4D intersection calculations between temporal rays and moving objects. At the end of this paper, we present measurements showing the number of rays we need not calculate with our solution. These results come from simulating the algorithm behavior through a graphic and statistic ray analyser tool.Item A Progressive Radiosity Algorithm for Scenes Containing Curved Surfaces(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Bao, Hujun; Peng, QunshengBased on the theory of light energy transfer between two differential diffuse surface areas, a generalized radiosity approach is presented. Unlike the conventional radiosity method, curved surfaces are subdivided into triangular surface patches, radiosity is assummed to be vary across each triangular surface patch. By adopting linear interpolation scheme over each triangular surface patch, we have established a complete set of approximated radiosity equations. Their unknowns are radiosities of differential surface areas located at all vertices of surface patches. The generalized radiosity equation has also been extended to non-diffuse environments. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the great potential of this method,Item A Dynamic Gesture Language and Graphical Feedback for Interaction in a 3D User Interface(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Bordegoni, Monica; Hemmje, MatthiasIn user interfaces of modern systems, users get the impression of directly interacting with application objects. In 3D based user interfaces, novel input devices, like hand and force input devices, are being introduced. They aim at providing natural ways of interaction. The use of a hand input device allows the recognition of static poses and dynamic gestures performed by a user s hand.This paper describes the use of a hand input device for interacting with a 3D graphical application. A dynamic gesture language, which allows users to teach some hand gestures, is presented. Furthermore, a user interface integrating the recognition of these gestures and providing feedback for them, is introduced. Particular attention has been spent on implementing a tool for easy specification of dynamic gestures, and on strategies for providing graphical feedback to users interactions. To demonstrate that the introduced 3D user interface features, and the way the system presents graphical feedback, are not restricted to a hand input device, a force input device has also been integrated into the user interface.Item A Prototype of a Cooperative Visualization Workplace for the Aerodynamicist(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Pagendarm, H.-G.; Walter, B.Several feasibility studies for cooperative visualization were performed based on an existing modular visualization system. Two different architectures for the implementation of a cooperative system were identified, implemented and tested.One architectural model, the broadcast model, assumes either one single visualization system running on a central facility driving multiple displays or in case of cooperative work it assumes that each visualization module drives multiple displays.The second model, the synchronized visualization systems, features distributed visualization tools with synchronization mechanisms. The synchronization ensures that all partners create identical images from identical data. This model requires special control features to avoid conflicts created by user-interaction.Both architectures are complete by adding bi-directional video connection and audio communication over the network plus offering remote cursor functionality.Two prototype implementations were produced to compare the two architectures and to evaluate the feasibility of cooperative visualization on existing hardware. Because of the poor access to wide-area networks, the prototypes were tested in a local area network. Visualization protocols, data communication, video and audio ran on a standard Ethernet based on TCP/IP communications. The tests were done using typical data from aerodynamics or numerical flow simulations.In spite of the limits due to low network bandwidth and slow performance of some hardware components the second architecture using the synchronized systems seems to be useful and feasible even under today s circumstances. There are no additional features identified which would be needed to run the cooperative visualization on a wide area network but a higher network throughput would be required.Item An Integrated System for Modeling, Animating and Rendering Hair(Blackwell Science Ltd and the Eurographics Association, 1993) Daldegan, Agnes; Thalmann, Nadia Magnenat; Kurihara, Tsuneya; Thalmann, DanielThere are basically four problems to solve in order to produce realistic animated synthetic actors with hair: hair modeling and creation, hair motion, collision detection and hair rendering. This paper describes a complete methodology to solve these basic four problems. We present how hair styles may be designed with our Hair Styler module. Then we survey the animation model and emphasize a method of collision processing. Finally, we explain how hair may be rendered using an extension of a standard ray-tracing program. We also show applications of our synthetic actors with various hair styles and different styles of mustaches and beards.