GCH 2014 - Eurographics Workshop on Graphics and Cultural Heritage

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https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/7755

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An Approach to Large Scale Interactive Retrieval of Cultural Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Takami, Masato; Bell, Peter; Ommer, Björn; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Large scale digitization campaigns are simplifying the accessibility of a rapidly increasing number of images from cultural heritage. However, digitization alone is not sufficient to effectively open up these valuable resources. Retrieval and analysis within these datasets is currently mainly based on manual annotation and laborious preprocessing. This is not only a tedious task, which rapidly becomes infeasible due to the enormous data load. We also risk to be biased to only see what an annotator beforehand has focused on. Thus a lot of potential is being wasted. One of the most prevalent tasks is that of discovering similar objects in a dataset to find relations therein. The majority of existing systems for this task are detecting similar objects using visual feature keypoints. While having a low processing time, these methods are limited to detect only close duplicates due to their keypoint based representation. In this work we propose a search method which can detect similar objects even if they exhibit considerable variability. Our procedure learns models of the appearance of objects and trains a classifier to find related instances.We address a central problem of such learning-based methods, the need for appropriate negative and positive training samples. To avoid a highly complicated hard negative mining stage we propose a pooling procedure for gathering generic negatives. Moreover, a bootstrap approach is presented to aggregate positive training samples. Comparison of existing search methods in cultural heritage benchmark problems demonstrates that our approach yields significantly improved detection performance. Moreover, we show examples of searching across different types of datasets, e.g., drafts and photographs.
CultLab3D - On the Verge of 3D Mass Digitization
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Santos, Pedro; Ritz, Martin; Tausch, Reimar; Schmedt, Hendrik; Monroy, Rafael; Stefano, Antonio De; Posniak, Oliver; Fuhrmann, Constanze; Fellner, Dieter W.; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Acquisition of 3D geometry, texture and optical material properties of real objects still consumes a considerable amount of time, and forces humans to dedicate their full attention to this process. We propose CultLab3D, an automatic modular 3D digitization pipeline, aiming for efficient mass digitization of 3D geometry, texture, and optical material properties. CultLab3D requires minimal human intervention and reduces processing time to a fraction of today's efforts for manual digitization. The final step in our digitization workflow involves the integration of the digital object into enduring 3D Cultural Heritage Collections together with the available semantic information related to the object. In addition, a software tool facilitates virtual, location-independent analysis and publication of the virtual surrogates of the objects, and encourages collaboration between scientists all around the world. The pipeline is designed in a modular fashion and allows for further extensions to incorporate newer technologies. For instance, by switching scanning heads, it is possible to acquire coarser or more refined 3D geometry.
The Design Scope of Adaptive Storytelling in Virtual Museums
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Deuschel, Tilman; Heuss, Timm; Broomfield, Christian; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
This positioning paper seeks to evaluate how well the current state of interactive storytelling, content recommendation, and Linked Data can increase the efficaciousness of knowledge transfer in the context of cultural heritage. It considers the design scope of various interactive storytelling systems and investigates how the domain of semantic web fosters user satisfaction during explorative browsing by providing recommendations and related concepts. In conclusion, interactive storytelling systems have significant room for improvement in at least two aspects: 1. By telling a story that includes exhibits and employs their similarities and differences to describe the plot. 2. By adapting not only the content but also genre typical patterns to the individual user's taste. Furthermore, the required background and world knowledge necessary for interactive storytelling is retrievable from the Linked Data Cloud.
Different Photogrammetric Approaches to 3D Survey of the Mausoleum of Romulus in Rome
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Adami, Andrea; Cerato, Ivana; d'Annibale, Enzo; Demetrescu, Emanuel; Ferdani, Daniele; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
In recent years, digital photogrammetry has enjoyed a renewed approval in the field of Cultural Heritage. This is due both to the relative cheapness of the instruments (a high resolution camera, possibly a reflex with good lenses) and to new algorithms and software that simplified the use, perhaps at the expense of the necessary knowledge of its principles. The 3D survey of the Mausoleum of Romulus, along the Via Appia Antica, within the European project 3DICONS, provided the opportunity to test different photogrammetric techniques, with the aim to verify the results and to evaluate the positive and negative aspects. In particular two different approaches have been applied: spherical photogrammetry and dense image matching. The first technique is based on traditional photogrammetric principles, applied on panoramic images instead of frame images. The second one, the most recent and very widespread, is inspired by traditional photogrammetry and computer vision. In order to have a significant and correct comparison, a topographic support has been realized for the Mausoleum, to have all surveyed data in a single local reference system. The comparison has been made by using, as a reference, the point cloud acquired by laser scanner. In this paper, after a description of the funeral monument and its complexity, the two techniques will be described in order to investigate pros and cons, their algorithm and application fields. The acquisition and processing stage will be described in order to give all the necessary elements for the final judgement. At the end of the restitution and modelling process, the comparison will take into account many parameters: the scheme of image acquisition, the time required (on-site and in laboratory), the hardware (for data acquisition and post-processing), the results that can be obtained (2d and 3D representations with texture) and the metric accuracy achieved. Finally there will be some hints about different applications of these methods as concerning above all the visualization of data. For example, the exploration of the Mausoleum can be done through the navigation of bubbles, obtained by spherical photogrammetry.
Digital Fabrication Technologies for Cultural Heritage (STAR)
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Scopigno, Roberto; Cignoni, Paolo; Pietroni, Nico; Callieri, Marco; Dellepiane, Matteo; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Digital Fabrication technologies exploit a variety of basic technologies to create tangible reproductions of 3D digital models. Even though current 3D printing pipelines still suffer of several restrictions, the reproduction accuracy has gradually reached an excellent level. Thanks to this advancement, the interests of manufacturing industry with respect to 3D printing techniques has significantly grown during the last decade. However, digital fabrication techniques have been demonstrated to be effective also in other contexts, such as medical applications and Cultural Heritage (CH). The goal of this survey paper is to introduce briefly the different fabrication technologies, to discuss some successful utilization of 3D printing in the CH domain and, finally, to review the work done so far to extend fabrication technology capabilities to cope with the specific issues that characterize the usage of digital fabrication in the CH domain.
Enhancement of MultiSpectral Images of Ancient Manuscripts
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Hollaus, Fabian; Sablatnig, Robert; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
This work is concerned with MultiSpectral Imaging (MSI) and image processing of ancient manuscripts. The writings imaged are partially in a bad condition, since they are partially faded-out or have been erased and overwritten. Therefore, a transcription by philologists belonging to our project team is aggravated. In order to increase the legibility, the manuscripts investigated have been imaged with a portable MSI system. While the imaging in selected narrow spectral ranges gained a legibility increase, post-processing techniques can be applied to the MSI data in order to gain a further contrast enhancement. For this purpose, three different dimension reduction techniques are applied to the manuscripts. A qualitative analysis shows that these techniques are capable of increasing the legibility of the ancient writings, compared to unprocessed multispectral images.
Extending Philological Research with Methods of 3D Computer Graphics Applied to Analysis of Cultural Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Fisseler, Denis; Weichert, Frank; Müller, Gerfrid G. W.; Cammarosano, Michele; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Philological research on ancient cuneiform texts with the goal of analyzing and reconstructing manuscripts from a large quantity of available unsorted tablet fragments is a time consuming task. As the number of tablet fragments and the number of signs on the fragments both exceed values which can be handled by means of conventional manual research methods in a reasonable amount of time, the use of computer aided research methods is an obvious choice. In this paper, we present a novel unified approach for integrating methods of computer graphics into the process of analyzing and joining cuneiform tablet fragments. We will cover a selection of essential research scenarios and identify aspects where those methods can be applied to enhance and extend traditional philological research processes or even help to access formerly unavailable layers of information. This is achieved by integrating methods for visualization, interactive 3D script feature extraction, script analysis, virtual fragment joining and intuitive measurement and annotation tools in our fast and easy to use software framework CuneiformAnalyser, designed for large data sets. Unlike other approaches, our solution integrates for the first time methods to support every aspect of the manuscript analysis and reconstruction process in a single system.
Geometric Analysis in Cultural Heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Pintus, Ruggero; Pal, Kazim; Yang, Ying; Weyrich, Tim; Gobbetti, Enrico; Rushmeier, Holly; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
We present a review of recent techniques for performing geometric analysis in cultural heritage applications, targeting the broad community of researchers and practitioners in cultural heritage computing. The problems considered include shape perception enhancement, restoration and preservation support, monitoring over time, object interpretation, and collection analysis. All of these problems typically rely on an understanding of the structure of the shapes in question at both a local and global level. In this survey, we discuss the different problem forms and review the main solution methods, aided by classification criteria based on the geometric scale at which the analysis is performed and the cardinality of the relationships among object parts exploited during the analysis. We finalize the report by discussing open problems and future perspectives.
Interlocking Pieces for Printing Tangible Cultural Heritage Replicas
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Alemanno, Giuseppe; Cignoni, Paolo; Pietroni, Nico; Ponchio, Federico; Scopigno, Roberto; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
We propose a technique to decompose a 3D digital shape into a set of interlocking pieces that are easy to be manufactured and assembled. The pieces are designed so that they can be represented as a simple height field and, therefore, they can be manufactured by common 3D printers without the usage of supporting material. The removal of the supporting material is often a burdensome task and may eventually damage the surface of the printed object. Our approach makes the final reproduction cheaper, accurate and suitable for the reproduction of tangible cultural heritages. Moreover, since the proposed technique decomposes the artwork in pieces, it also overcomes the working space limits of common printers. The decomposition of the input (high-resolution) triangular mesh is driven by a coarse polygonal base mesh (representing the target subdivision in pieces); the height fields defining each piece are generated by sampling distances along the normal of each face composing the base mesh. A innovative interlocking mechanism allows adjacent pieces to plug each other to compose the final shape. This interlocking mechanism is designed to preserve the height field property of the pieces and to provide a sufficient degree of grip to ensure the assembled structure shape to be compact and stable. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and show its limitations with some practical reproduction examples.
Low-Cost Real-Time 3D Reconstruction of Large-Scale Excavation Sites using an RGB-D Camera
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Zollhöfer, Michael; Siegl, Christian; Riffelmacher, Bert; Vetter, Mark; Dreyer, Boris; Stamminger, Marc; Bauer, Frank; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
In this paper, we present an end-to-end pipeline for the online reconstruction of large-scale outdoor environments and tightly confined indoor spaces using a low-cost consumer-level hand-held RGB-D sensor. While scanning, the user sees a live view of the current reconstruction, allowing him to intervene immediately and to adapt the sensor path to the current scanning result. After a raw reconstruction has been acquired, we interactively warp the digital model to fit a geo-referenced map using a handle based deformation paradigm. Even large sites can be scanned within a few minutes, and no costly postprocessing is required. We developed our prototype in cooperation with researchers from the field of ancient history and geography and extensively tested the system under real world conditions on an archeological excavation in Metropolis, Ionia, Turkey. The quality of the acquired digitized raw 3D models is evaluated by comparing them to actual imagery and a geo-referenced map of the excavation site. Our reconstructions can be used to take virtual measurements that are often required in research and are the basis for a digital preservation of our cultural heritage. In addition, digital models are a helpful tool for teaching as well as for edutainment purposes making such information accessible to the general public.
Measurement of Immersive Technology for Historic Scenes
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) McCaffery, John; Miller, Alan; Oliver, Iaina; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
This paper investigates the creation of historic scenes through engagement with community archaeology and historical investigation. The approach presented here enables both tangible and intangible culture to be explored through the proxy of an avatar controlled by a user. This gives rise to an engaging and interactive experience. Through utilising and developing a flexible open source software infrastructure the historic scenes may be deployed in a range of of scenarios: over the Internet, in mobile multi user exhibitions suitable for public events, as an immersive museum installation and through on site cross reality exploration. The use of commodity hardware, open source and open standards underpins a collaborative creative process that enables the deployment of installations which articulate interpretations relevant to the locality. This in turn encourages a sense of ownership and dynamic engagement with cultural heritage. A measurement study of the quality of experience delivered by virtual world systems reveals the client as the critical system component. System performance and the quality of presentation measurements provide system insights which enable user experience to be improved.
Motion Analysis for Folk Dance Evaluation
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Aristidou, Andreas; Stavrakis, Efstathios; Chrysanthou, Yiorgos; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Motion capture techniques are becoming a popular method for digitizing folk dances for preservation and dissemination. Although technically the captured data can be of very high quality, folk dancing, in contrast to choreographed performances, allow for stylistic variations and improvisations that cannot be easily captured by the data themselves. The majority of motion analysis and comparison algorithms are explicitly based on quantitative metrics and thus do not usually provide any insight on style qualities of a performance. In this work, we introduce a motion analysis and comparison framework that is based on Laban Movement Analysis (LMA); these algorithms are particularly useful in the context of teaching folk dances. We present a prototype virtual reality simulator in which users can preview segments of folk dance performed by a 3D avatar and repeat them. The users' performances are captured and subsequently compared to the folk dance template motions. The system then provides intuitive feedback about their performance, which is based on the four LMA components (BODY,EFFORT,SHAPE,SPACE) and provides both a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the performance.
MVE - A Multi-View Reconstruction Environment
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Fuhrmann, Simon; Langguth, Fabian; Goesele, Michael; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
We present MVE, the Multi-View Environment. MVE is an end-to-end multi-view geometry reconstruction software which takes photos of a scene as input and produces a surface triangle mesh as result. The system covers a structure-from-motion algorithm, multi-view stereo reconstruction, generation of extremely dense point clouds, and reconstruction of surfaces from point clouds. In contrast to most image-based geometry reconstruction approaches, our system is focused on reconstruction of multi-scale scenes, an important aspect in many areas such as cultural heritage. It allows to reconstruct large datasets containing some detailed regions with much higher resolution than the rest of the scene. Our system provides a graphical user interface for structure-from-motion reconstruction, visual inspection of images, depth maps, and rendering of scenes and meshes.
Similarity Assessment for the Analysis of 3D Artefacts
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Biasotti, Silvia; Cerri, Andrea; Falcidieno, Bianca; Spagnuolo, Michela; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Archaeological artefacts are often classified in homogeneous groups, with respect to their origin, use, age, etc., in terms of their physical traits, i.e., colour, material, design pattern, form, shape, size, style, surface texture, technology, thickness, and weight. In particular, when dealing with archaeological exhibits, a single trait is generally not enough for the classification of the artefact because most of the objects are affected by degradation or only partially preserved. In this contribution we propose a shape analysis and comparison pipeline, which combines geometry and texture to identify classes of homogeneous artefacts. The geometric description is based on a statistical technique to select properties that are mutually independent; the photometric information is handled according to a topological perspective, and complemented by the analysis of colour distribution. The outcome is a mixed description of each 3D artefact, which is used to derive a similarity measure between objects. The potential of our method is high since we can include any property representable as real- or vector-valued functions. Experimental results are exhibited to show the efficacy of the method in retrieval and classification tasks.
Site-specific Art and 3D: an Example of Spatial Analysis and Reconstruction
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Dellepiane, Matteo; Matteis, Mara De; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Site-specific art is a concept that goes back to the beginning of human race: the works of art were often created by artists taking into account not only their shape and appearance, but also the context in which they would be put. For this reason, moving the artifacts from its original placement (or the changes which happen around it) tend to decrease its impact, and possibly weaken its potentials. Site-specific art is a very powerful concept also for contemporary artists. This paper focuses on the analysis of L.O.V.E., a sculpture from the controversial artist Maurizio Cattelan. Cattelan donated the sculpture to Milano, under the condition that it should not be moved from its original place (in front of Milano Stock Exchange). The aim of the paper is to use 3D reconstruction techniques to show and analyse the monument, stressing its relation with the context around it. A multi-view stereo matching campaign was perfomed to have an accurate reconstruction of the context, then the photos provided by the community were integrated in the reconstruction to show the "point of view" of the people. These data provide interesting indications about the aims of the authors, and they provide additional material for the interpretation of the work of art.
A TaLISMAN: Automatic Text and LIne Segmentation of historical MANuscripts
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Pintus, Ruggero; Yang, Ying; Gobbetti, Enrico; Rushmeier, Holly; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Historical and artistic handwritten books are valuable cultural heritage (CH) items, as they provide information about tangible and intangible cultural aspects from the past. Massive digitization projects have made these kind of data available to a world-wide population, and pose real challenges for automatic processing. In this scenario, document layout analysis plays a significant role, being a fundamental step of any document image understanding system. In this paper, we present a completely automatic algorithm to perform a robust text segmentation of old handwritten manuscripts on a per-book basis, and we show how to exploit this outcome to find two layout elements, i.e., text blocks and text lines. Our proposed technique have been evaluated on a large and heterogeneous corpus content, and our experimental results demonstrate that this approach is efficient and reliable, even when applied to very noisy and damaged books.
Towards Automated 3D Reconstruction of Defective Cultural Heritage Objects
(The Eurographics Association, 2014) Gregor, Robert; Sipiran, Ivan; Papaioannou, Georgios; Schreck, Tobias; Andreadis, Anthousis; Mavridis, Pavlos; Reinhard Klein and Pedro Santos
Due to recent improvements in 3D acquisition and shape processing technology, the digitization of Cultural Heritage (CH) artifacts is gaining increased application in context of archival and archaeological research. This increasing availability of acquisition technologies also implies a need for intelligent processing methods that can cope with imperfect object scans. Specifically for Cultural Heritage objects, besides imperfections given by the digitization process, also the original artifact objects may be imperfect due to deterioration or fragmentation processes. Currently, the reconstruction of previously digitized CH artifacts is mostly performed manually by expert users reassembling fragment parts and completing imperfect objects by modeling. However, more automatic methods for CH object repair and completion are needed to cope with increasingly large data becoming available. In this conceptual paper, we first provide a brief survey of typical imperfections in CH artifact scan data and in turn motivate the need for respective repair methods. We survey and classify a selection of existing reconstruction methods with respect to their applicability for CH objects, and then discuss how these approaches can be extended and combined to address various types of physical defects that are encountered in CH artifacts by proposing a flexible repair workflow for 3D digitizations of CH objects. The workflow accommodates an automatic reassembly step which can deal with fragmented input data. It also includes the similarity-based retrieval of appropriate complementary object data which is used to repair local and global object defects. Finally, we discuss options for evaluation of the effectiveness of such a CH repair workflow.

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