DH2013 - Digital Heritage International Congress 2013

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3D documentation and monitoring of the experimental cleaning operations in the underwater archaeological site of Baia (Italy)
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Bruno, Fabio; Gallo, Alessandro; Filippo, Francesco De; Muzzupappa, Maurizio; Davidde, Barbara; Caputo, Paolo; -
The CoMAS project aims to develop new methodologies and tools for the restoration and conservation of submerged archaeological artefacts. One of the project goals is to study the cleaning operations that are intended to remove the living organisms (algae, sponges, molluscs, etc.). These organisms cause severe deteriorations of the artefacts and their removal is crucial for the subsequent phases of consolidation and protection. In particular, the Unit of Underwater Archaeology of the Istituto Superiore per la Conservazione ed il Restauro is experimenting and comparing different cleaning techniques and tools developed in the context of the CoMAS project. This comparison requires also a precise documentation of the test cases and a quantitative measurement of the effectiveness of the cleaning procedures. This paper describes the process that has been defined in order to document and monitor the results obtained through different cleaning experiments, conducted with different tools and utensils over various types of surfaces (marble, bricks, mortar, etc.) affected by several types of biological colonization. The process includes: 1) the 3D mapping of the experimental site; 2) the planning of the tests and the choice of the areas to be cleaned; 3) the 3D reconstruction of the selected areas; 4) the execution of cleaning operations; 5) the 3D acquisition of the cleaned areas; 6) the comparison of the 3D model of the areas before and after the cleaning; 7) the analysis of the data about the cleaning effectiveness. This process has been implemented during an experimentation carried out in the ''Villa dei Pisoni'', located within the underwater archaeological site of Baia near Naples.
3D documentation of Cultural Heritage artefacts: from data acquisition to virtual conservation and restoration
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Athanasiou, Eleni; Faka, Marina; Hermon, Sorin; Vassallo, Valentina; Yakoupi, Kyriaki; -
This paper focuses on the development of a procedure for 3D documentation of Cultural Heritage assets and describes all the steps from the 3D data acquisition of the real object, the post processing the raw data and finally the digital recording, documentation and virtual preservation of the 3D data. It will also describe the experiences, carried out during the digital process, of some virtual restoration cases.
3D Laser Scanning in Cave Environment: the Case of Las Cuevas, Belize. Acquisition of the Cave System and Excavation Area
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Lindgren, Stefan; Galeazzi, Fabrizio; -
The Las Cuevas site is a Maya administrative and ceremonial center active during the latter part of the Late Classic period (700 900 AD) in Western Belize. It is of particular interest because a large cave resides directly beneath the largest temple in the site core. This paper presents the use of phase shift variation laser scanning technology (Faro Focus 3D) for the acquisition of the cave's network of galleries (9 chambers) and a large excavation area (8×5 m) investigated in the entrance chamber in the summer of 2012. More than 300 scans were made to acquire the entire cave and the amount of 3D data collected was more than 400 GB. The creation of different level of details allowed the alignment and triangulation of the 3D models of the different chambers and units. The dimension (24×20×10 cm; 5 kg) and accuracy (' 2 mm at 10 25 m) of the laser scanner allowed complete documentation of the cave and units in just three weeks of work. The importance of this work relies on the possibility to use the processed data to systematically improve the archaeological understanding of Las Cuevas' complex cave system, favoring the interpretation of socio-cultural dynamics linked to cave environments during the Late Classic. The use of 3D technologies can, in fact, help the understanding of how the space in the cave was used in the past for rituals and ceremonies. Moreover, the 3D millimetric reproduction of the excavation process linked to the 3D survey of the entire cave will be instrumental for the archaeological record's preservation. Future scholars will have the opportunity to retrace the work made by archaeologists at Las Cuevas, starting new discussion and interpretations of the same 3D archaeological context.
3D Reconstruction of an outdoor archaeological site through a multi-view stereo technique
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Muzzupappa, Maurizio; Gallo, Alessandro; Spadafora, Francesco; Manfredi, Felix; Bruno, Fabio; Marca, Antonio La; -
This paper describes the experimentation of a common multi-view stereo technique on a particularly complex test case: the ''Via Colonnata'' in the archaeological site of Kyme Eolica in Turkey. The study demonstrates that it is possible to create a detailed 3D model of an area sized tens of square meters without the need to use any dedicated device like laser scanners, drones or helium balloons, but just employing a digital camera and open source software. The reconstruction process implemented in this study addresses and solves some of the most relevant problems related to the reconstruction of large areas and the subsequent mapping of a texture on the geometrical model. In particular, we suggest some guidelines for the acquisition phase that help to reduce the subsequent problems related both to 3D geometry creation and texture mapping. In the pre-processing phase, we propose an automated technique for filtering of unimportant areas, based on the analysis of the disparity maps related to each image pair (the farther areas from the current point of view are masked out, in order to obtain a 3D model free of artifacts/defects). For the texture mapping process, in order to reduce the blur resulting from averaging and blending operations in overlapping areas, we propose a method that automatically identifies the most appropriate subset of images to be projected on the 3D model.
3D Reconstruction of the Cave of the Great Pyramid from Video Footage
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Kawae, Yukinori; Yasumuro, Yoshihiro; Kanaya, Ichiroh; Chiba, Fumito; -
Studies on the great pyramid of King Khufu (2509-2483 BCE '25) in Egypt are numerous, but only a few surveys, which are the basis of any hypotheses on the construction of a pyramid, have been conducted. In particular, since no observation of the core of the pyramid has been made, theories about the structure are still hypothetical. In 2013, a Japanese TV production company had the opportunity to climb the northeast corner of the pyramid to shoot a crevice that led to an open space (named ''cave'') inside the pyramid, located about 80m from the ground. The authors are fortunate to be allowed to use this video footage for academic research. We employed a ''structure from motion'' (SfM) technique using Microsoft Photosynth to reconstruct the 3D point cloud of the surface of the cave. Twenty minutes of footage was split into thirty thousand image frames, out of which we selected three hundred images shot using several smooth motions of the camera and used these for the SfM process. SfM tracks the ''feature points'' in the image sequence to estimate the camera motion and then triangulates these feature points to produce the point clouds. As a result, the static feature points from the overall surface of the cave were effectively collected and reconstructed as point clouds, whereas inconsistent points from a moving person are automatically eliminated through the SfM process. Thus we have produced, albeit in a small area, the first record of the actual structure of the great pyramid's core. The production of a 3D model from existing video footage is a rather new methodology in the field of archaeology. This set of techniques can be applied to not only academic investigation but also to the restoration and conservation of damaged heritage and artifacts.
Anomaly Detection using Remote Sensing for the Archaeological Heritage Registration
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Rejas, Juan Gregorio; Burillo, Francisco; Bonatti, Javier; Martínez, Rubén; -
The aim of this work is an approach using multisensor remote sensing techniques to recognize the potential remains and recreate the original landscape of three archaeological sites. We investigate the spectral characteristics of the reflectance parameter and emissivity in the pattern recognition of archaeological materials in several hyperspectral scenes of the prehispanic site in Palmar Sur (Costa Rica), the Jarama Valley site and the celtiberian city of Segeda in Spain. Spectral ranges of the visible-near infrared (VNIR), shortwave infrared (SWIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) from hyperspectral data cubes of HyMAP, AHS, MASTER and ATM have been used. Several experiments on natural scenarios of Costa Rica and Spain of different complexity, have been designed. Spectral patterns and thermal anomalies have been calculated as evidences of buried remains and change detection. First results, land cover change analyses and their consequences in the digital heritage registration are discussed.
Application of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology in the characterisation of construction materials in exceptional buildings: first results.
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Ureña, María Jesús Aguilera; Larriva, José Emilio Meroño de; Ballesteros, Andrés Ortega; Moreno, Alberto Jesús Perea; Neira, Julia Barrios; -
This work discusses the use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis with the object of studying the degree of degradation of stone material and other elements in cultural heritage monuments, as an alternative to traditional laboratory methods, with the advantage of being a fast non-destructive process that requires little or no sample preparation, thereby reducing the amount of time required and the expense. NIRS is a spectroscopic method which uses the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 800 nm to 2500 nm). The technique can help to identify a chemical component starting from their different Near IR absorption spectrum. It has been widely applied over the last forty years in food and agricultural science and in many other fields such as pharmatheutics, medicine, forestry and petrochemical. However, it has rarely been applied with the purpose mentioned in this paper. The study was conducted on the Church of "Santa Marina de Aguas Santas", situated in the historical centre of the city of Cordoba (Spain). This paper presents the first stage of the research. Samples taken in situ are analyzed by a NIR spectrometer in laboratory. The object is to obtain models for the quantification of majority components of stone material (calcium and quartz) as well as indexes of alteration, from NIR response of the samples. After this, it will be necessary to study if these models would have a correct behaviour being applied with data taken in situ, with a portable NIR. The results obtained prove that this technique can be efficiently applied saving both time and money.
An approach for precise 2D/3D semantic annotation of spatially-oriented images for in situ visualization applications
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Manuel, Adeline; Gattet, Eloi; Luca, Livio De; Veron, Philippe; -
Thanks to nowadays technologies, innovative tools afford to increase our knowledge of historic monuments, in the field of preservation and valuation of cultural heritage. These tools are aimed to help experts to create, enrich and share information on historical buildings. Among the various documentary sources, photographs contain a high level of details about shapes and colors. With the development of image analysis and image-based-modeling techniques, large sets of images can be spatially oriented towards a digital mock-up. For these reasons, digital photographs prove to be an easy to use, affordable and flexible support, for heritage documentation. This article presents, in a first step, an approach for 2D/3D semantic annotations in a set of spatially-oriented photographs (whose positions and orientations in space are automatically estimated). In a second step, we will focus on a method for displaying those annotations on new images acquired by mobile devices in situ. Firstly, an automated image-based reconstruction method produces 3D information (specifically 3D coordinates) by processing a large images set. Then, images are semantically annotated and a process uses the previously generated 3D information inherent to images for the annotations transfer. As a consequence, this protocol provides a simple way to finely annotate a large quantity of images at once instead of one by one. As those images annotations are directly inherent to 3D information, they can be stored as 3D files. To bring up on screen the information related to a building, the user takes a picture in situ. An image processing method allows estimating the orientation parameters of this new photograph inside the already oriented large images base. Then the annotations can be precisely projected on the oriented picture and send back to the user. In this way a continuity of information could be established from the initial acquisition to the in situ visualization.
Architecture and representation: digital surveying of Pavilion 19 of the former Slaughterhouse (Ex Mattatoio) of Rome
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Farroni, Laura; -
The survey discussed here concerns a critical review, through the use of digital technology, of the original design by Gioacchino Ersoch of Pavilion 19 of the former Slaughterhouse of Rome, which was constructed between 1888 and 1891. The intended use of the building required its subdivision into spaces that were subject to strict health regulations. Interventions carried out post-construction, during the course of the 20th century, modified both the formal appearance and the spatial configuration of the complex. The development of a digital model through the processing of the design drawings and working documents pertaining to the original construction has made it possible to revisit the original spatial arrangement, verifying the architectural language and construction techniques implemented. The building in question is characterised by the use of iron, brick and plaster. By conducting a digital survey on a work designed by a specific, named architect, it has been possible to reconstruct thè creative path (the concept) of the architecture, which was associated with a particular historical period the late 19th-century. The complex's invisible "memory" comes to light through the digital design/model: the investigation was geared towards finding out what cannot be conserved because it is no longer extant but which could, nevertheless, offer stimuli for future intervention strategies. The survey was carried out on three parallel levels architectural, structural and decorative and has enabled charts of the elements to be put together that allow for recognition of what has been lost and what, in contrast, remains, both in the specific pavilion in question and across the entire complex, since the complex was subject to a great deal of replication and standardisation. Currently, parts of the pavilions of the former slaughterhouse are being used by Roma Tre University.
ArtifactVis2: Managing real-time archaeological data in immersive 3D environments
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Smith, Neil; Knabb, Kyle; Defanti, Connor; Weber, Philip; Schulze, Jurgen; Prudhomme, Andrew; Kuester, Falko; Levy, Thomas; Defanti, Thomas; -
In this paper, we present a stereoscopic research and training environment for archaeologists called ArtifactVis2. This application enables the management and visualization of diverse types of cultural datasets within a collaborative virtual 3D system. The archaeologist is fully immersed in a large-scale visualization of on-going excavations. Massive 3D datasets are seamlessly rendered in real-time with field recorded GIS data, 3D artifact scans and digital photography. Dynamic content can be visualized and cultural analytics can be performed on archaeological datasets collected through a rigorous digital archaeological methodology. The virtual collaborative environment provides a menu driven query system and the ability to annotate, markup, measure, and manipulate any of the datasets. These features enable researchers to re-experience and analyze the minute details of an archaeological site's excavation. It enhances their visual capacity to recognize deep patterns and structures and perceive changes and reoccurrences. As a complement and development from previous work in the field of 3D immersive archaeological environments, ArtifactVis2 provides a GIS based immersive environment that taps directly into archaeological datasets to investigate cultural and historical issues of ancient societies and cultural heritage in ways not possible before.
As-Built BIM Modeling of Historic Buildings from Laser and Image Data
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Dore, Conor; Murphy, Maurice; -
This paper presents two new developments for as-built BIM modeling of historical buildings. The first is a new library of interactive parametric objects designed for modeling classical architectural elements from survey data. These library objects are dynamic and have parameters that can alter the shape and size of objects for multiple uses and not just once off static modeling. The parametric architectural objects have been designed from historic manuscripts and architectural pattern books. These parametric objects were built using an embedded programming language within the ArchiCAD BIM software called Geometric Description Language (GDL). The second development which is described in more detail in this paper is a parametric building façade which has been developed as a template for fast and efficient modeling of endless configurations of building façades. The design of this parametric façade incorporates concepts from procedural modeling which is an automated approach to generating 3D geometries based on rules and algorithms. With this developed parametric façade, the structure of a façade can be automatically generated by altering parameters for the number of stories, number or horizontal tiles and door position. When automatically generating a façade, the initial position and size of elements are estimated using classical architectural proportions. After the façade is automatically generated users can then interactively edit the position, size and other parameters of façade elements to accurately map objects to survey data. Parametric library objects such as windows, ashlar block wall detail and other architectural elements are incorporated into the parametric façade. The parametric façade template has also been implemented with the Geometric Description Language for ArchiCAD BIM software. This enables the tools developed to utilize the full benefits of BIM software which includes - utomated construction or conservation documents, semantic object orientated objects based on IFC semantic classes, automatic lists of objects and material and the ability to add and link additional information to the model. Initial tests have shown that the parametric façade is more efficient than existing manual BIM methods for creating façade models from survey data. The façade template also provides an easier solution for generating façade models when compared to existing methods. Non-specialist users with little experience in 3D modeling can easily generate and modify the façade template by altering parameters graphically or from a dialogue box.
Aspects of the Digitalisation of the Documentation and Research of Lithuanian Historical Organs
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Povilionis, Girenas; Povilioniene, Rima; -
About 450 historical organs have survived to the present day in Lithuania. Some of them are almost completely authentic instruments which constitute valuable heritage and have been recognised as being unique in European context. Currently the digitalisation of the data about the Lithuanian organ heritage is being implemented at the Centre for the Lithuanian Cultural Heritage since 2000 (until then non-digital data were accumulated) and is oriented towards the promotion of this part of the country's heritage, and scientific research. The most valuable instruments included on the heritage list are registered in detail: comprehensive photography of their separate parts and equipment, engineering data, as well as that of the surviving authentic mechanism and parts. A research into the instrumental part of some the most valuable organs (the organs in the church in Joniskis, the churches of the Holy Spirit and the Bernardine in Vilnius) is introduced. By the drawings it is possible to recreate an organ or make a copy-replica in case it is destroyed; the data can be used to make a new instrument according to old organ-making traditions.
ATHENA: Automatic Text Height ExtractioN for the Analysis of old handwritten manuscripts
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Pintus, Ruggero; Yang, Ying; Rushmeier, Holly; -
A massive digital acquisition of huge sets of deteriorating historical documents is mandatory due to their value and delicacy. The study and the browsing of such digital libraries is becoming crucial for scholars in the Cultural Heritage field, but it requires automatic tools for analyzing and indexing those dataset items. We present here a layout analysis method to perform automatic text height estimation, without the need of any kind of manual intervention and user defined parameters. It proves to be a robust technique in the case of very noisy and damaged handwritten manuscripts. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on a huge heterogeneous corpus of medieval manuscripts, with different writing styles, and affected by other uncontrollable factors, such as ink bleed-through, background noise, and overtyping text lines.
Automatic creation of bas-relieves from single images
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Lorenzini, Cristian; Carrozzino, Marcello; Tecchia, Franco; Bergamasco, Massimo; -
When we think to bas-relieves it is natural to compare them with sculptures, because they share some common properties such as techniques, materials and shapes. However, from a different perspective, bas-relieves have even deeper connections with other bi-dimensional forms of art, such as the frescoes; both have been used to decorate walls surfaces, although bas-reliefs enabled different perspective of interpretation. Bas-relieves, in fact, extend themselves in the three-dimensional space and are therefore able to provide more information compared to an image representing the same scene; moreover, and not less interestingly, they are also enjoyable by users with special needs, such as blind people, that are able to explore their surfaces by means of their sense of touch. For this reason, many attempts have been made in the past to realize bas-relieves representing transpositions of bi-dimensional artworks such as images in order to improve their accessibility. Commonly these transpositions are manually made since manual procedures allow to retain the full control of the final result. The introduction of ICT tools such as 3D modeling and printing has allowed to simplify this process which however still results long and time-consuming, often aimed to one single specific case. In this paper we present an automatic system to enable a fast and massive production of 2.5D models, suitable to be transformed into simplified bas-relieves, starting from a single image, and providing an interactive editor in order to refine the results of the automatic reconstruction, designed for users having no special technical skills. The resulting digital models can be (optionally) refined with 3D modeling tools and directly used in Virtual Reality applications, for instance for educational purposes, or physically reconstructed as actual bas-reliefs to enable access to blind people. The paper details the methodology, the algorithm and presents the results obtained.
Automatic localization of tombs in aerial imagery: application to the digital archiving of cemetery heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Chaumont, Marc; Tribouillard, Louis; Subsol, Gérard; Courtade, Florian; Pasquet, Jérôme; Derras, Mustapha; -
This paper deals with digital archiving of cemetery heritage. A built cemetery is a tangible evidence of historical and cultural periods through the style and the shape of tombs. It gives quantitative information on the local population, about its history (by reading birth and death dates), its culture (by analysing name typology) and its temporal evolution (by using the family names written on the tombs). There is thus a crucial need to archive cemetery data for heritage purposes. The first step for digital archiving is to locate the tombs. A practical way is to use aerial images. We propose to automate this process by using image processing algorithms. This is a challenging problem, as in aerial images, tombs have very variable appearance, size and disposition, and many artefacts can occur such as occluding vegetation, shadows or walking people. We focused our study specifically on French cemeteries in Haute-Marne department, all located in villages close to the Langres city. We compare three automated localization methods. All the preliminary results are commented and we discuss other image-processing applications which could be used to enrich cemetery archiving such as writing recognition on headstones.
Bologna porticoes project: a 3D repository for WHL UNESCO nomination
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Apollonio, Fabrizio Ivan; Gaiani, Marco; Felicori, Mauro; Guidazzoli, Antonella; Virgolin, Luigi; Liguori, Maria Chiara; Fallavollita, Federico; Ballabeni, Massimo; Sun, Zheng; Baglivo, Antonio; -
The system of Bologna porticoes, included in 2006 in the Italian tentative list of World heritage sites of UNESCO, will undergo a definitive recognition of the nomination as part of the program of the current municipal council. The nomination is aimed at highlighting the portico, not only as a high-quality architectural work, which in the past centuries has become a distinctive feature of the town, but also in its social, community and anthropological meanings, as a meeting place, a protected space. The nomination project refers to different subjects and is divided into many levels of action. Among them we are going to develop a platform conceived for on-line accessing the wealth of data and resources related to the Bolognese porticoes system, such as historical, artistic, architectural resources, besides all those data regarding its actual management. The platform will perform the harvesting of several already existing databases, making the data available to citizens, tourists and scholars thanks to a graphic interface allowing a navigation in space and time. Therefore our system will facilitate the development of further cultural and promotional cross-medial applications, such as apps for mobile devices, augmented graphics and 3D architectural mapping events. Through social media tools, citizens will be invited not only to enjoy and share the proposed contents, but also to take an active stance in the project by uploading contents and comments. The core of our platform will consist of reality-based high quality 3D models usable and navigable within the system as main user interface. Uniform quality and consistency of our reality-based 3D digital models along the more than 40 km of porticoes was ensured by a controlled, low-cost process starting from photo-modeling techniques.
Building Information Modeling and real world knowledge
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Garagnani, Simone; -
Building Information Modeling is considered by the scientific literature as an emerging trend in the architectural documentation scenario, as it is basically a digital representation of physical and functional features of facilities, serving as a shared knowledge resource during their whole life cycle. BIM is actually a process (not a software, as someone indicated), in which different players act sharing data through digital models in a coordinated, consistent and always up to date workflow, in order to reach reliability and higher quality all over the construction process. This way BIM tools were originally meant to ease the design of new architectures, generated by parametric geometries connected through hierarchical relationships of ''smart objects'' (components self-aware of their identity and conscious of their interactions with each other). However, this approach can also be successfully applied to what already exists: TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) or digital photogrammetry are supposed to be the first abstraction step in a methodology proposal intended as a scientific strategy in which BIM, relying on its own semantic splitting attitude and its topological structure, is explicitly used in representation of existing buildings belonging to the Cultural Heritage. Presenting some progresses in the development of a specific free Autodesk Revit plug-in, nicknamed GreenSpider after its capability to layout points in the digital domain as if they were nodes of an ideal cobweb, this paper examines how point clouds collected during high definition surveys can be processed with accuracy in a BIM environment, highlighting critical aspects and advantages deriving from the application of parametric techniques to the real world domain representation.
Building Information Modelling and the Documentation of Architectural Heritage: between the typical and the specific
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Fai, Stephen; Sydor, Mikael; -
One of the greatest challenges to using Building Information Modelling (BIM) for the documentation of architectural heritage is in overcoming the propensity of the software toward standardization. Most BIM applications are optimized for industrialized building systems where even a minor deviation in geometry or dimension between like elements is considered problematic. Heritage buildings, on the other hand, are more typically constructed of unique elements that, while sometimes similar, can never be assumed to be identical. For example, two Corinthian capitals from the Temple of Mars Ultor may be similar, but they are not the same. In this paper, we discuss a novel method for developing a BIM for a unique vernacular building in eastern Ontario, Canada. Constructed anonymously in two discrete stages during the last half of the 19C, the builders employed both stacked log and an idiosyncratic balloon frame construction. Both types of construction are far from the standard assemblies found in commercial BIM software. In discussing the construction of the model, we will outline the integration of detailed survey data, including pointcloud, with a library of 'typical', but parametric, construction details under development by our research group. While the survey provides an accurate geometrical record of the building under discussion including structural deformations the library is used to develop the specific assemblies and is based on, and fully indexed to, 'typical' details culled from construction manuals available in Canada during the late 19C.
Capturing of Contemporary Dance for preservation and presentation of choreographies in Online Scores
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Kahn, Svenja; Keil, Jens; Müller, Benedikt; Ulrich, Bockholt; -
In this paper, we present a generic and affordable approach for an automatized and markerless capturing of movements in dance, which was developed in the Motion Bank / The Forsythe Company project (www.motionbank.org). Thereby within Motion Bank we are considering the complete digitalization workflow starting with the setup of the camera array and ending with a web-based presentation of ''Online Scores'' visualizing different elements of choreography. Within our project, we have used our technology in two modern dance projects, one ''Large Motion Space Performance'' covering a large stage in solos and trios and one ''Restricted Motion Space Performance'' that is suited to be captured with range cameras. The project is realized in close cooperation with different choreographers and dance companies of modern ballet and with multi-media artists forming the visual representations of dance.
The Cathedral of Palermo: from survey to historic interpretation
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Agnello, Fabrizio; -
The Norman kings built the Cathedral of Palermo at the end of the XII century, in the same place where an older Christian church and then a mosque were sited. Many features of the Cathedral echo the Norman churches in northern France and in England, whilst some others belong to the peculiar mixing of Norman, Muslim and Byzantine culture that characterizes the art and architecture of medieval Sicily. At the end of the XVIII century the church underwent huge and extensive transformations, that deeply altered its original shape. The historic sources that document the Medieval church are some XVIII century perspective drawings, and a textual description. The Cathedral has been surveyed with topographic and laser scanning devices; some decorative elements have been surveyed with a structured light scanner. In this study survey, 3D modelling and historic sources have been integrated for the purpose to detect the elements that survived the transformations and propose a virtual reconstruction of the state of the Cathedral before the end of the XVIII century.

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