DH2013 - Track 3

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https://diglib.eg.org/handle/10.2312/12324

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Application of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) technology in the characterisation of construction materials in exceptional buildings: first results.
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Ureña, María Jesús Aguilera; Larriva, José Emilio Meroño de; Ballesteros, Andrés Ortega; Moreno, Alberto Jesús Perea; Neira, Julia Barrios; -
This work discusses the use of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis with the object of studying the degree of degradation of stone material and other elements in cultural heritage monuments, as an alternative to traditional laboratory methods, with the advantage of being a fast non-destructive process that requires little or no sample preparation, thereby reducing the amount of time required and the expense. NIRS is a spectroscopic method which uses the near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum (from about 800 nm to 2500 nm). The technique can help to identify a chemical component starting from their different Near IR absorption spectrum. It has been widely applied over the last forty years in food and agricultural science and in many other fields such as pharmatheutics, medicine, forestry and petrochemical. However, it has rarely been applied with the purpose mentioned in this paper. The study was conducted on the Church of "Santa Marina de Aguas Santas", situated in the historical centre of the city of Cordoba (Spain). This paper presents the first stage of the research. Samples taken in situ are analyzed by a NIR spectrometer in laboratory. The object is to obtain models for the quantification of majority components of stone material (calcium and quartz) as well as indexes of alteration, from NIR response of the samples. After this, it will be necessary to study if these models would have a correct behaviour being applied with data taken in situ, with a portable NIR. The results obtained prove that this technique can be efficiently applied saving both time and money.
Architecture and representation: digital surveying of Pavilion 19 of the former Slaughterhouse (Ex Mattatoio) of Rome
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Farroni, Laura; -
The survey discussed here concerns a critical review, through the use of digital technology, of the original design by Gioacchino Ersoch of Pavilion 19 of the former Slaughterhouse of Rome, which was constructed between 1888 and 1891. The intended use of the building required its subdivision into spaces that were subject to strict health regulations. Interventions carried out post-construction, during the course of the 20th century, modified both the formal appearance and the spatial configuration of the complex. The development of a digital model through the processing of the design drawings and working documents pertaining to the original construction has made it possible to revisit the original spatial arrangement, verifying the architectural language and construction techniques implemented. The building in question is characterised by the use of iron, brick and plaster. By conducting a digital survey on a work designed by a specific, named architect, it has been possible to reconstruct thè creative path (the concept) of the architecture, which was associated with a particular historical period the late 19th-century. The complex's invisible "memory" comes to light through the digital design/model: the investigation was geared towards finding out what cannot be conserved because it is no longer extant but which could, nevertheless, offer stimuli for future intervention strategies. The survey was carried out on three parallel levels architectural, structural and decorative and has enabled charts of the elements to be put together that allow for recognition of what has been lost and what, in contrast, remains, both in the specific pavilion in question and across the entire complex, since the complex was subject to a great deal of replication and standardisation. Currently, parts of the pavilions of the former slaughterhouse are being used by Roma Tre University.
As-Built BIM Modeling of Historic Buildings from Laser and Image Data
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Dore, Conor; Murphy, Maurice; -
This paper presents two new developments for as-built BIM modeling of historical buildings. The first is a new library of interactive parametric objects designed for modeling classical architectural elements from survey data. These library objects are dynamic and have parameters that can alter the shape and size of objects for multiple uses and not just once off static modeling. The parametric architectural objects have been designed from historic manuscripts and architectural pattern books. These parametric objects were built using an embedded programming language within the ArchiCAD BIM software called Geometric Description Language (GDL). The second development which is described in more detail in this paper is a parametric building façade which has been developed as a template for fast and efficient modeling of endless configurations of building façades. The design of this parametric façade incorporates concepts from procedural modeling which is an automated approach to generating 3D geometries based on rules and algorithms. With this developed parametric façade, the structure of a façade can be automatically generated by altering parameters for the number of stories, number or horizontal tiles and door position. When automatically generating a façade, the initial position and size of elements are estimated using classical architectural proportions. After the façade is automatically generated users can then interactively edit the position, size and other parameters of façade elements to accurately map objects to survey data. Parametric library objects such as windows, ashlar block wall detail and other architectural elements are incorporated into the parametric façade. The parametric façade template has also been implemented with the Geometric Description Language for ArchiCAD BIM software. This enables the tools developed to utilize the full benefits of BIM software which includes - utomated construction or conservation documents, semantic object orientated objects based on IFC semantic classes, automatic lists of objects and material and the ability to add and link additional information to the model. Initial tests have shown that the parametric façade is more efficient than existing manual BIM methods for creating façade models from survey data. The façade template also provides an easier solution for generating façade models when compared to existing methods. Non-specialist users with little experience in 3D modeling can easily generate and modify the façade template by altering parameters graphically or from a dialogue box.
Aspects of the Digitalisation of the Documentation and Research of Lithuanian Historical Organs
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Povilionis, Girenas; Povilioniene, Rima; -
About 450 historical organs have survived to the present day in Lithuania. Some of them are almost completely authentic instruments which constitute valuable heritage and have been recognised as being unique in European context. Currently the digitalisation of the data about the Lithuanian organ heritage is being implemented at the Centre for the Lithuanian Cultural Heritage since 2000 (until then non-digital data were accumulated) and is oriented towards the promotion of this part of the country's heritage, and scientific research. The most valuable instruments included on the heritage list are registered in detail: comprehensive photography of their separate parts and equipment, engineering data, as well as that of the surviving authentic mechanism and parts. A research into the instrumental part of some the most valuable organs (the organs in the church in Joniskis, the churches of the Holy Spirit and the Bernardine in Vilnius) is introduced. By the drawings it is possible to recreate an organ or make a copy-replica in case it is destroyed; the data can be used to make a new instrument according to old organ-making traditions.
ATHENA: Automatic Text Height ExtractioN for the Analysis of old handwritten manuscripts
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Pintus, Ruggero; Yang, Ying; Rushmeier, Holly; -
A massive digital acquisition of huge sets of deteriorating historical documents is mandatory due to their value and delicacy. The study and the browsing of such digital libraries is becoming crucial for scholars in the Cultural Heritage field, but it requires automatic tools for analyzing and indexing those dataset items. We present here a layout analysis method to perform automatic text height estimation, without the need of any kind of manual intervention and user defined parameters. It proves to be a robust technique in the case of very noisy and damaged handwritten manuscripts. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated on a huge heterogeneous corpus of medieval manuscripts, with different writing styles, and affected by other uncontrollable factors, such as ink bleed-through, background noise, and overtyping text lines.
Automatic localization of tombs in aerial imagery: application to the digital archiving of cemetery heritage
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Chaumont, Marc; Tribouillard, Louis; Subsol, Gérard; Courtade, Florian; Pasquet, Jérôme; Derras, Mustapha; -
This paper deals with digital archiving of cemetery heritage. A built cemetery is a tangible evidence of historical and cultural periods through the style and the shape of tombs. It gives quantitative information on the local population, about its history (by reading birth and death dates), its culture (by analysing name typology) and its temporal evolution (by using the family names written on the tombs). There is thus a crucial need to archive cemetery data for heritage purposes. The first step for digital archiving is to locate the tombs. A practical way is to use aerial images. We propose to automate this process by using image processing algorithms. This is a challenging problem, as in aerial images, tombs have very variable appearance, size and disposition, and many artefacts can occur such as occluding vegetation, shadows or walking people. We focused our study specifically on French cemeteries in Haute-Marne department, all located in villages close to the Langres city. We compare three automated localization methods. All the preliminary results are commented and we discuss other image-processing applications which could be used to enrich cemetery archiving such as writing recognition on headstones.
Bologna porticoes project: a 3D repository for WHL UNESCO nomination
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Apollonio, Fabrizio Ivan; Gaiani, Marco; Felicori, Mauro; Guidazzoli, Antonella; Virgolin, Luigi; Liguori, Maria Chiara; Fallavollita, Federico; Ballabeni, Massimo; Sun, Zheng; Baglivo, Antonio; -
The system of Bologna porticoes, included in 2006 in the Italian tentative list of World heritage sites of UNESCO, will undergo a definitive recognition of the nomination as part of the program of the current municipal council. The nomination is aimed at highlighting the portico, not only as a high-quality architectural work, which in the past centuries has become a distinctive feature of the town, but also in its social, community and anthropological meanings, as a meeting place, a protected space. The nomination project refers to different subjects and is divided into many levels of action. Among them we are going to develop a platform conceived for on-line accessing the wealth of data and resources related to the Bolognese porticoes system, such as historical, artistic, architectural resources, besides all those data regarding its actual management. The platform will perform the harvesting of several already existing databases, making the data available to citizens, tourists and scholars thanks to a graphic interface allowing a navigation in space and time. Therefore our system will facilitate the development of further cultural and promotional cross-medial applications, such as apps for mobile devices, augmented graphics and 3D architectural mapping events. Through social media tools, citizens will be invited not only to enjoy and share the proposed contents, but also to take an active stance in the project by uploading contents and comments. The core of our platform will consist of reality-based high quality 3D models usable and navigable within the system as main user interface. Uniform quality and consistency of our reality-based 3D digital models along the more than 40 km of porticoes was ensured by a controlled, low-cost process starting from photo-modeling techniques.
Building Information Modeling and real world knowledge
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Garagnani, Simone; -
Building Information Modeling is considered by the scientific literature as an emerging trend in the architectural documentation scenario, as it is basically a digital representation of physical and functional features of facilities, serving as a shared knowledge resource during their whole life cycle. BIM is actually a process (not a software, as someone indicated), in which different players act sharing data through digital models in a coordinated, consistent and always up to date workflow, in order to reach reliability and higher quality all over the construction process. This way BIM tools were originally meant to ease the design of new architectures, generated by parametric geometries connected through hierarchical relationships of ''smart objects'' (components self-aware of their identity and conscious of their interactions with each other). However, this approach can also be successfully applied to what already exists: TLS (Terrestrial Laser Scanning) or digital photogrammetry are supposed to be the first abstraction step in a methodology proposal intended as a scientific strategy in which BIM, relying on its own semantic splitting attitude and its topological structure, is explicitly used in representation of existing buildings belonging to the Cultural Heritage. Presenting some progresses in the development of a specific free Autodesk Revit plug-in, nicknamed GreenSpider after its capability to layout points in the digital domain as if they were nodes of an ideal cobweb, this paper examines how point clouds collected during high definition surveys can be processed with accuracy in a BIM environment, highlighting critical aspects and advantages deriving from the application of parametric techniques to the real world domain representation.
Building Information Modelling and the Documentation of Architectural Heritage: between the typical and the specific
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Fai, Stephen; Sydor, Mikael; -
One of the greatest challenges to using Building Information Modelling (BIM) for the documentation of architectural heritage is in overcoming the propensity of the software toward standardization. Most BIM applications are optimized for industrialized building systems where even a minor deviation in geometry or dimension between like elements is considered problematic. Heritage buildings, on the other hand, are more typically constructed of unique elements that, while sometimes similar, can never be assumed to be identical. For example, two Corinthian capitals from the Temple of Mars Ultor may be similar, but they are not the same. In this paper, we discuss a novel method for developing a BIM for a unique vernacular building in eastern Ontario, Canada. Constructed anonymously in two discrete stages during the last half of the 19C, the builders employed both stacked log and an idiosyncratic balloon frame construction. Both types of construction are far from the standard assemblies found in commercial BIM software. In discussing the construction of the model, we will outline the integration of detailed survey data, including pointcloud, with a library of 'typical', but parametric, construction details under development by our research group. While the survey provides an accurate geometrical record of the building under discussion including structural deformations the library is used to develop the specific assemblies and is based on, and fully indexed to, 'typical' details culled from construction manuals available in Canada during the late 19C.
The Cathedral of Palermo: from survey to historic interpretation
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Agnello, Fabrizio; -
The Norman kings built the Cathedral of Palermo at the end of the XII century, in the same place where an older Christian church and then a mosque were sited. Many features of the Cathedral echo the Norman churches in northern France and in England, whilst some others belong to the peculiar mixing of Norman, Muslim and Byzantine culture that characterizes the art and architecture of medieval Sicily. At the end of the XVIII century the church underwent huge and extensive transformations, that deeply altered its original shape. The historic sources that document the Medieval church are some XVIII century perspective drawings, and a textual description. The Cathedral has been surveyed with topographic and laser scanning devices; some decorative elements have been surveyed with a structured light scanner. In this study survey, 3D modelling and historic sources have been integrated for the purpose to detect the elements that survived the transformations and propose a virtual reconstruction of the state of the Cathedral before the end of the XVIII century.
Cellars of Paris, under the cobbles, cellars!
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Sandron, Dany; Chaumet, Gregory; -
This project of systematic investigation of Parisian cellars is by nature pluri-disciplinary. It relies on the complementary skills of historians, architectural historians, archaeologists, architects and engineers. For several years, the Centre Chastel (UMR 8150) has developed a specific research axis about Paris, and is now associated with other organisations that have produced expert works and surveys on the development of the city based on documentary and archaeological materials: the Department for History of Architecture and Archaeology of Paris (DHAAP), the Heritage and inventory services of the Ile de France region, which benefits from a strong regional experience in the analysis of cellars, the National Archives and their centre on the historical topography of Paris and the INRAP engineers and archaeologists.
A computer-assisted constraint-based system for assembling fragmented objects
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Palmas, Gregorio; Pietroni, Nico; Cignoni, Paolo; Scopigno, Roberto; -
We propose a computer-assisted constraint-based methodology for virtual reassembly of Cultural Heritage (CH) artworks. Instead than focusing on automatic, unassisted reassembly, we targeted the scenarios where the reconstruction process is not be based on shape properties only but it is build over the experience and intuition of a CH expert. Our purpose is therefore to design a flexible interactive system, based on the selection of a set of constraints which relates different fragments, according to the understanding and experience of the CH operator. Once the user has defined those constraints, the system searches for a suitable solution, using a global energy minimization strategy that considers simultaneously all the pieces involved in the reconstruction process. Additionally, our framework provides the possibility to work in a hierarchical way, mimicking the traditional physical procedure that archaeologists use to reassemble tangible fractured objects. The frameworks is designed to work even with fragments that could have been severely damaged or eroded. On those datasets, automatic approaches may often fail, since the fractured regions do not contain enough geometric information to infer the correct matches. We present some successful uses of our framework on real application scenarios.
Digital reconstruction and visualization in archaeology. Case-study drawn from the work of the Swedish Pompeii Project
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Dell'Unto, Nicolò; Ferdani, Daniele; Leander, Anne Marie; Dellepiane, Matteo; Callieri, Marco; Lindgren, Stefan; -
The Swedish Pompeii Project started in 2000 as a research and fieldwork activity initiated by the Swedish Institute in Rome. The aim was to record and analyze an entire Pompeian city-block, Insula V 1. Since autumn 2011 a new branch of advanced digital archaeology, involving 3D reconstructions and documentation methods, was added to the project agenda. The insula was completely digitized using laser scanner technology and the raw data were employed to develop different research activities in the area of digital visualization. This paper presents the recent results of the 3D interpretation of the house of Caecilius Iucundus. This research activity was developed employing a large variety of historical and archaeological sources such as: archaeological reports, historical image documentation (printed as well as in edited material) and analysis of the in situ structures. This work was characterized by the experimentation of a new workflow of data development, where the elaboration of the interpreted structures took place directly in virtual space, using the scanned model as geometrical reference. This method easily connected all the historical and archaeological sources collected for the interpretation, opening a new discussion about different possible interpretation of the house. Moreover, a Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) was used in different occasions as platform where the different hypotheses could be discussed in the context given by the actual state of the archaeological structures. The use of an accurate and resolute replica of the site as a backdrop for the virtual reconstruction allowed a high level of control on the proposed hypotheses during the interpretation process. This study enabled the acquisition of new and important information about the house, thus, bringing a significant contribution to the archaeological analysis of Insula V 1, suggested as pilot project for wider use.
Documentation and dissemination of Cultural Heritage: current solutions and considerations about its digital implementation
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Cimadomo, Guido; -
Dissemination of architectural and archaeological Cultural Heritage is a relevant task in the process of its documentation and has to reach the wider audience possible. Digital implementation is today a must, and is more and more accessible considering that Information Technologies skills required are being simplified thanks to new solutions and open source sharing. The paper focuses on the different opportunities that researchers have to disseminate the results of material heritage, from digital repository to three-dimensional platforms, considering also commercial software, and will reflect their strenghts and weaknesses related with built heritage, in order to make possible the best selection since the beginning of the project, an aspect that is becoming more and more relevant with the added difficulties that arise with the evolution and consolidation of standardization and digital languages.
Documentation of decision-making process in the analysis of digital heritage objects
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Damnjanovic, Uros; Hermon, Sorin; Iannone, Giancarlo; -
Decision-making is a fundamental part of digital objects production in the field of digital heritage. We present in this paper our efforts on developing an application that will enable easy documentation of the decision-making processes, and provide access to digital objects used in various stages of the process. Our application is built on top of a data repository built in our group. On top of the repository we developed a functionality to represent and describe decisions in a structure of a hierarchical tree. Each step of the decision process is described by linking together data from the repository with decision descriptions. In order to access and explore available decisions and related data we developed an interactive visualization tools that shows the structure of the decision making process and provides access to each individual digital object and relevant information.
An easy-to-use multi-dimensional database for the management of cultural heritage buildings
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Stefani, Chiara; Vallet, Jean-Marc; Luca, Livio De; -
Multidimensional databases constitute a handy solution to store and display data collected in the fields of conservation and restoration. However, knowledge on the current state of monuments depends on a heterogeneous corpus of data (cartography of degradation/materials, past restoration actions, core samples, photogrammetric data, analysis data, etc.). With the purpose of structuring this large volume of data, visual aspects characterizing the surfaces of heritage buildings can be semantically annotated in NUBES, an information system specific for architecture. Annotations are treated by defining relationships between the 3D elements and their textures. In this way, annotated elements can be displayed and retrieved in the 3D scene. Based on our previous experience, this article proposes a refinement of the data structuring according to time criteria. This time-structuring is applied to the ''Chapelle de Fresques'' of the Charterhouse of Villeneuve-les-Avignon, and integrates validated thesauri such as the ICOMOS ISCS glossary and other common use lexica from the conservation field. This protocol is accompanied with customized descriptive tables that contribute to structure the information according to multiple hierarchical levels chosen by the user. The final aim is to give an easy-to-use analysis tool for conservation experts. Data from different time states can be added, current diagnosis states can be supported, and data can be cross-referenced against each other. This interface constitutes the basis of a new predictive tool for conservation management.
Finite Element Modelling of Contact in Rubble Stone Masonry
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Isfeld, Andrea; Shrive, Nigel; -
Multi-wythe masonry walls are a common structural component of heritage buildings. Typically constructed with two dressed outer wythes and a rubble core, these structures are susceptible to environmental degradation, as infiltration of water coupled with freeze-thaw action can break down the existing mortar which can then be flushed out of the wall. The resulting un-bonded core material applies pressure on the outer wythes, leading to lateral displacements and possible failure of the walls. Study of these deformations, and the effects of potential intervention methods through finite element modelling, can ensure adequate measures are selected and implemented. With the core being composed of rounded or fragmented stones and containing little of the original mortar, failure is dominated by rotation and sliding of the stones, rather than failure of the stone units. A dynamic simplified micromodel captures the geometry of the individual stones within a cross-section of a wall from the Prince of Wales fort in northern Canada, allowing translation of the units under self-weight. Linear elastic material properties and frictional contact conditions reduce the complexity of the model while adequately representing the observed conditions. As mesh density is known to impact the results of contact problems greatly, a small sample of stones from the wall has been studied using 8 models containing between 778 and 11701 linear elements. High mesh densities are required to approximate the curved geometry, and reduce faceting due to the flat element edges. These models are run under two separate time steps, in the first the load is applied and in the second the parts are allowed time to reach equilibrium. The resulting displacements of the small models have been examined and compared, optimizing the mesh density for the given sample, which can then be applied to the full cross section.
From survey to HBIM for documentation, dissemination and management of built heritage. The case study of St.Maria in Scaria d Intelvi
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Brumana, Raffaella; Oreni, Daniela; Raimondi, Anna; Georgopoulos, Andreas; Bregianni, Angeliki; Barazzetti, Luigi; -
The research presented here is the result of two related theses, carried out in collaboration between PoliMi, (Italy) and NTUA, (Greece). Part of it is carried out within the INTERREG EU project framework, which aims to the valuation and dissemination of the role of the Church of S. Maria di Scaria (Vall' Intelvi) in the international European exchange of skills in the past centuries. It mainly focuses on the Carloni's intervention (XVIII century), a local family of craftsmen, famous across many European cities and regions for the construction of monuments with rich decorations. In this way they managed to send holy gifts and money, but also offered their skills in order to enrich the church of Scaria as a symbol of their success. The laser scanning and photogrammetric surveys have been carried out with the on-site stratigraphic analysis and with the quest for the scarcely available historical documents, in an attempt to study the reconstruction and the main transformations and chronological phases, from the Romanic to the Baroque interventions and to the more recent ones: An integrated BIM approach has been chosen as an experimental way of transmitting a piece of the history of the church life to the local people and also for touristic purposes. In order to disseminate the information on the transformations of the building and on the various decorations in a way that would facilitate the readability and interpretation of the monument by the visitors, a little local museum, co-funded by the EU Interreg programme, is planned to be realized mainly containing the exhibition of the collections of the sacred vessels and furnishings donated to the church in the past. To enhance this aim a 3D object modeling will also be exposed in the multimedia section of the museum. A Heritage Building Information Modeling (HBIM) has been developed, while investigating the potential of an object library specially generated to illustrate the various structural elements, the multiple c- nstruction technologies for the walls, the vault system, the roof etc., and the decorative layers (frescos, stuccos and frames), along with the critical aspects faced by standard BIM in a complex geometry shift from Surface approach to Object modeling. The research contributes to the explanation of the sequence and construction technologies adopted for the vault system, the first two vaults of the nave (their interesting texturing and the particular geometry registered by laser scanning related to the hypothesized centering), with respect to the vault covering the altar and the apse. The HBIM approach development is analyzed to help the generation of a vocabulary and an abacus of elements to be geographically referenced across Europe to disseminate typical construction elements and skills.
High performance hybrid FEM/DEM simulation tool for numerical analysis of historical structures
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Bagnéris, Marine; Dubois, Frédéric; Jean, Michel; Martin, Alexandre; Taforel, Paul; Visseq, Vincent; -
The current paper aims at presenting the various aspects of a modeling and simulation framework dedicated to the study of historical structures considered as complex mechanical systems with interactions (contact, friction, cohesion, etc) and multi-physics couplings (thermal effects, diffusion, etc). Based on the proposed framework a simulation tool has been developed, with a complete strategy (pre-processing, simulation, post-processing), making possible to deal efficiently with the numerical modeling of those structures; it is available as an open-source software: LMGC90 [4].
Home, sense of place and visitors intepretation of digital cultural immersive experiences in museums.
(The Eurographics Association, 2013) Schettino, Patrizia; -
What is the relationship between the visitor's hybrid identity and his/her interpretation process? How can his/her relationship with one or more places affect the understanding of a real place, a virtual place, or a digital representation of a real place through augmented panoramas? This paper will answer these two research questions, interpreting the patterns emerging from data collected about visitors' experiences in the immersive environment PLACE-Hampi, designed by Sarah Kenderdine and Jeffrey Shaw. The paper is based on a method which the author calls ''embodied constructivist GTM digital ethnography in situ''.

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